Greg Detre
Monday, February 17, 2003
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5598/1634/dc1
�Chimpanzees
even follow the gaze direction of humans past distracting stimuli and behind
barriers to a specific target, and they also understand that another individual
cannot see something if its persepctive is occluded by a barrier, thus
demonstating a fairly sophisticated understanding of how the visual perception
of others works�
�Curiously,
however, there is one task involving gaze-following at which chimpanzees and
other primates perform poorly. In the so-called object choice task, an
experimenter hides a piece of food in one of two opaque containers, and the
subject, who did not see where the food was hidden, is allowed to choose only
one. Before presenting the subject with the choice, the experimenter gives a
communicative cue indicating the food�s location, for example, by looking at,
pointing to, tapping on, or placing a marker on the correct container. The
majority of primates, as individuals, do not spontaneously perform above chance
levels on this task, no matter what the cue [although for possible exceptions,
see (7, 8)], and those who eventually perform well typically take dozens of
trials or more to learn (9�17). In addition, when primates have been tested in
more difficult tests that require them to show flexible use of social cues
(such as with novel or arbitrary social cues), without exception they do not
use the cues provided (10, 11, 15).�
in Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 53 (1997) 309-316
observational
learning = if an
animal that has viewed an experienced �demonstrator� learns the response in
question more rapidly than one that has either viewed a �na�� demonstrator
(one that is not skilled executing the appropriate response) or has had no
previous observational experience (Davey 1981)
true observational learning (rather than
�imitation�) requires that the effect of the observation persists in the test
animal for an extended time interval after its removal from the scene of the
observational experience
observational learning has been demonstrated in
a wide variety of animals: cats, rats, birds, primates, dolphins
in Animal
Behaviour, 2001, 62, 1109�1117
figure out
the business about two different experiments
figure out
whether experimenter demonstrators were significantly better than owner
demonstrations
look at
definitions
Could you
present these 2 papers for next wednesday: sociallearningdogs.pdf and
DrugDogSocialLearning.pdf.
try looking
at huskies etc. that spend a lot of time with humans
no, they�re comparing wolves that have been raised by humans
try
domestic dogs that haven�t had much contact with humans � they tried puppies
parturition
- parturition /pA:tjU<schwa>"rI<longs>(<schwa>)n/ n.M17.
[Late L parturitio(n-), f. L parturit- pa. ppl stem of parturire: see prec.,
-ITION.] The action of giving birth to young; childbirth.
might it not be that the Group I-III pups weren�t so used to collecting objects in general???
I think that�s why they have the Group II control though �???
would it work even better if they were exposed further to their mothers� training, or if they were directly rewarded themselves???
were the mothers who did the narcotics task specially chosen for aptitude??? I think so
when can
puppies recognise their mother from other conspecifics???
do they
discuss whether it�s just their attention being directed towards the task